儿童弱视防治与康复研究进展

Amblyopia is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by abnormal visual experiences during early visual development. It is one of the most common functional eye diseases in children during visual maturation, characterized not only by reduced best-corrected visual acuity but also frequently accompanied by binocular vision imbalance, impaired stereopsis, increased suppression, and abnormalities in certain higher-order visual functions. With a deeper understanding of its pathogenesis, the approach to prevention and treatment has evolved from merely improving monocular vision to a comprehensive intervention model that integrates etiological elimination, refractive correction, restoration of binocular vision, and long-term follow-up management. In recent years, domestic research and expert consensus have continuously refined the definition, classification, screening timing, refraction protocols, and treatment pathways for amblyopia. Traditional optical correction, occlusion therapy, and suppression control remain the clinical foundation; meanwhile, emerging strategies such as virtual reality training, visual perceptual training, dichoptic therapy, perceptual learning, and integrative approaches combining traditional Chinese and Western medicine are rapidly developing, offering new insights into enhancing visual acuity, improving binocular function, and expanding therapeutic options for adolescent amblyopia. Currently, key trends in childhood amblyopia management include earlier intervention, more precise identification of risk factors, individualized treatment plans, and multidimensional outcome assessment. This article reviews the current status of amblyopia prevention and treatment, rehabilitation strategies, unresolved controversies, and future directions based on recent domestic research, aiming to provide reference for clinical practice and further studies.