微生物检验技术的发展与创新：从传统培养到分子诊断

Microbiological detection is an important part of public health work to prevent and treat infectious diseases. Although traditional culture methods are the basis for microbial identification, they are usually laborious and timeconsuming, and have insufficient ability to cope with microbial variation. In order to meet these challenges, new detection techniques and methods are constantly emerging by taking advantage of the advances in molecular biology, genomics, proteomics, nanotechnology and bioinformatics. In this review, we will give a comprehensive overview of the traditional culture methods to the current cutting-edge innovative microbial detection methods. Molecular-based technologies such as polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and next generation sequencing(NGS) offer greater sensitivity and specificity, enabling rapid identification of microbial pathogens. Based on mass spectrometry(such as matrix-assisted laser desorption time-offlight mass spectrometry technology) and biosensor technology, microbial makes can be detected rapidly and accurately. Meanwhile, nanotechnology methods such as nanoparticle determination and nanopore sequencing provide new platforms for sensitive and label-free pathogen detection of pathogens. Adoption of these new technologies holds great promise for improving disease diagnostic efforts.